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The Dangers of Exposure to Asbestos

Asbestos was found in thousands of commercial products before it was banned. Research suggests that exposure to asbestos can cause cancer as well as other health issues.

You can't tell if something is asbestos-containing by looking at it, and you cannot taste or smell it. It can only be found when asbestos-containing materials are drilled, chipped or broken.

Chrysotile

At its peak, chrysotile accounted for up 99% of the asbestos production. It was widely used in industries including construction insulation, Asbestos fireproofing, and insulation. If workers are exposed to asbestos, they can develop mesothelioma as well as other asbestos-related illnesses. Since the 1960s, when mesothelioma began to become a concern asbestos use has declined significantly. It is still found in many products we use today.

Chrysotile is safe to use provided you have a comprehensive safety and handling plan in place. Workers handling chrysotile are not exposed to a significant amount of risk based on the current limit of exposure. Lung fibrosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma have been strongly connected to breathing in airborne respirable fibres. This has been proven in terms of intensity (dose) as well as the duration of exposure.

In one study, mortality rates were compared between a facility that used a large proportion of Chrysotile in the production of friction materials and the national death rate. The study found that after 40 years of processing at low levels of chrysotile there was no significant increase in mortality rates at this facility.

Chrysotile fibres are typically shorter than other types of asbestos. They are able to enter the lungs and pass into the bloodstream. This makes them much more likely to cause health effects than fibrils with a longer length.

When chrysotile gets mixed with cement, it is extremely difficult for the fibres to breathe and cause health hazards. Fibre cement products have been used extensively throughout the world particularly in buildings like hospitals and schools.

Studies have shown that chrysotile's risk is lower to cause illness than amphibole asbestos, like crocidolite and amosite. Amphibole types like these are the main source of mesothelioma as well as other asbestos-related diseases. When chrysotile is mixed in with cement, it creates a strong, flexible construction product that is able to withstand severe conditions in the weather and other environmental dangers. It is also simple to clean after use. Asbestos fibers can be easily removed by a professional and safely disposed of.

Amosite

Asbestos is a term used to describe a class of fibrous silicate minerals that naturally occur in certain kinds of rock formations. It is comprised of six general groups: amphibole, serpentine anthophyllite, tremolite and crocidolite (IARC 1973).

Asbestos minerals comprise thin, long fibers that range in length from fine to broad. They can be curled or straight. These fibers are found in nature as individual fibrils or bundles with splaying ends called fibril matrix. Asbestos can also be found in powder form (talc) or combined with other minerals in order to create talcum powder or vermiculite. These are commonly used as consumer goods, such as baby powder cosmetics and face powder.

Asbestos was used extensively in the early two-thirds of the 20th century for shipbuilding, insulation, fireproofing, and various other construction materials. The majority of occupational exposures involved asbestos fibres that were borne in the air, but some workers were exposed to vermiculite or talc that was contaminated, and to fragments of asbestos-bearing rocks (ATSDR 2001). Exposures varied according to the type of industry, the time period, and geographic location.

Most occupational exposures to asbestos were due to inhalation. However, certain workers were exposed through skin contact or through eating contaminated food. Asbestos is currently only found in the air due to natural weathering of mined ores and the degradation of contaminated products like insulation, car brakes, clutches, and floor and ceiling tiles.

There is emerging evidence that non-commercial amphibole fibers could also be carcinogenic. These are fibers that are not the tightly weaved fibrils of amphibole and serpentine minerals, but instead are loose, flexible and needle-like. They can be found in the cliffs, mountains and sandstones from a variety of nations.

Asbestos can be absorbed into the environment in a variety ways, including through airborne particles. It can also be released into soil or water. This occurs both from natural (weathering and erosion of asbestos-bearing rocks) and ananthropogenic (disintegration and disposal of asbestos-containing wastes at landfill sites) sources. Asbestos contamination of surface and ground water is mostly caused by natural weathering. However it can also be caused by human activity, for instance through mining and milling of asbestos claim-containing materials, demolition and dispersal, and the disposal of contaminated waste in landfills (ATSDR 2001). The inhalation of asbestos fibers is the primary cause of illness among people exposed to asbestos in the workplace.

Crocidolite

Inhalation exposure is the most frequent method of exposure to asbestos fibres. These fibres can enter the lung and cause serious health issues. Mesothelioma, asbestosis and other diseases are all caused by asbestos fibres. Exposure to asbestos fibres can occur in different ways, such as contact with contaminated clothes or building materials. This type of exposure is especially dangerous when crocidolite (the blue form of asbestos) is involved. Crocidolite has smaller, more fragile fibers that are easier to inhale and can lodge deeper in lung tissue. It has been linked to more mesothelioma-related cases than other asbestos types.

The six major types of asbestos are chrysotile, amosite and tremolite. They are epoxiemite, tremol anthophyllite and actinolite. Amosite and chrysotile are the most frequently used types of asbestos and make up 95 percent of all commercial asbestos currently used. The other four types of asbestos haven't been as extensively used however they can be found in older buildings. They are less hazardous than amosite and chrysotile, however they could pose a threat when mixed with other asbestos minerals, or when mined close to other mineral deposits, such as talc or asbestos vermiculite.

Numerous studies have revealed an association between exposure to asbestos and stomach cancer. The evidence is contradictory. Some researchers have cited a SMR (standardized death ratio) of 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 0.7-3.6), for all asbestos workers, whereas others report an SMR of 1,24 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-2.5), for those who work in chrysotile mills and mines.

IARC, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, has classified all kinds of asbestos as carcinogenic. All kinds of asbestos can cause mesothelioma or other health problems, but the risks vary according to the amount of exposure that people are exposed to, the kind of asbestos used as well as the duration of exposure, and the manner in the way that it is breathed in or ingested. The IARC has advised that abstaining from all asbestos forms should be the top priority, as this is the most secure option for those who are exposed. If someone has been exposed to asbestos in the past and suffer from a disease such as mesothelioma or other respiratory illnesses They should seek advice from their physician or NHS 111.

Amphibole

Amphibole is one of the minerals that form long prisms or needle-like crystals. They are a type of inosilicate minerals made of double chains of SiO4 molecules. They have a monoclinic arrangement of crystals, however some have an orthorhombic shape. The general formula of an amphibole is A0-1B2C5T8O22(OH,F)2. The double chains are made up of (Si,Al)O4 tetrahedrons that are linked in rings of six. The tetrahedrons are separated each other by octahedral sites in strips.

Amphibole minerals are prevalent in igneous and metamorphic rocks. They are typically dark and hard. They are sometimes difficult to distinguish from pyroxenes since they share similar hardness and colors. They also share a corresponding Cleavage. Their chemistry allows for a range of compositions. The different minerals within amphibole can be identified by their chemical compositions as well as crystal structures.

The five asbestos types in the amphibole class include chrysotile, anthophyllite, amosite as well as crocidolite and actinolite. Each type of asbestos comes with its own unique properties. The most hazardous type of asbestos, crocidolite is made up of sharp fibers that are easy to inhale into the lung. Anthophyllite is a brownish to yellowish hue and is comprised mostly of iron and magnesium. This variety was once used in cement and insulation materials.

Amphibole minerals can be difficult to analyze due to their an intricate chemical structure and a variety of substitutions. Therefore, a detailed analysis of their composition requires special methods. EDS, WDS and XRD are the most common methods for identifying amphiboles. These methods are only able to provide approximate identifications. For instance, these techniques cannot differentiate between magnesio-hastingsite and magnesio-hornblende. These techniques do not differentiate between ferro-hornblende or pargasite.

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